Flexible Sigmoidoscopy

During this test, the doctor inserts a long, flexible tube into the lower third of the colon, where 65% of cancerous growths occur.

Who needs it The American Cancer Society recommends having this test, combined with a digital rectal exam and fecal occult blood test, every five years beginning at age 50. If you have a parent, sibling, or child with colorectal cancer or other bowel disease, your doctor may want you to start having it at age 40.

How it's done You'll need to stick to a clear liquid diet for 12 to 24 hours before the test and perform an enema that morning. During the test, you lie on your side, knees bent. The doctor inserts a lighted viewing tube called a sigmoidoscope into the rectum and lower colon. The 10- to 20-minute procedure is relatively painless. You may, however, feel pressure and mild cramps when the scope is inserted and have gas and bloating for a few hours afterward.

What the results mean Most disorders of the anus or rectum -- from hemorrhoids and inflammation to infection and cancer -- can be diagnosed with this test. If your doctor finds an abnormal growth, he'll send a tissue sample to a lab for analysis.

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